Cancer Immunotherapy exploits the Fact that Cancer Cells often have Tumor Antigens

 

Cancer Immunotherapy
Cancer Immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy takes advantage of the fact that cancer cells frequently have tumour antigens, molecules that can be recognised by immune system antibody proteins and bind to them. Frequently, proteins or other macromolecules act as the tumour antigens (e.g., carbohydrates). Normal antibodies bind to external pathogens, but modified immunotherapy antibodies bind to tumour antigens, identifying and tagging cancer cells for the immune system to suppress or kill. The clinical success of cancer immunotherapy varies greatly among various cancer types; for instance, some subtypes of gastric cancer respond favourably to the treatment while immunotherapy is ineffective for other subtypes.

The Global Cancer Immunotherapy Market was valued at US$ 93,407.0 Mn in 2021 and is forecast to reach a value of US$ 180,137.7 Mn by 2028 at a CAGR of 9.9% between 2022 and 2028

Both active and passive immunotherapies exist. Through the immune system, active immunotherapy specifically targets tumour cells. Examples include CAR-T cell and targeted antibody therapies, as well as therapeutic cancer vaccines (also known as treatment vaccines, which are intended to strengthen the body's immune system to fight cancer). In contrast, passive cancer immunotherapy improves the immune system's capacity to combat cancer cells rather than directly targeting tumour cells. Checkpoint inhibitors and cytokines are two examples.

Active cellular therapies seek to kill cancer cells by identifying specific antigens, also known as markers, in the patient's body. The purpose of cancer vaccines is to use a vaccine to trigger an immune response to these antigens. There is only one vaccine available right now, called sipuleucel-T for prostate cancer. Immune cells are removed from the patient, genetically modified to recognise tumor-specific antigens, and then returned to the patient in cell-mediated therapies like CAR-T cell therapy. Natural killer (NK) cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytotoxic T cells, and dendritic cells are examples of cell types that can be used in this manner. Finally, it is possible to create specific antibodies that can identify cancer cells and direct the immune system to attack them. These antibodies include rituximab, trastuzumab, and cetuximab, as examples.

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