Cancer Immunotherapy exploits the Fact that Cancer Cells often have Tumor Antigens
Cancer immunotherapy takes
advantage of the fact that cancer cells frequently have tumour antigens,
molecules that can be recognised by immune system antibody proteins and bind to
them. Frequently, proteins or other macromolecules act as the tumour antigens
(e.g., carbohydrates). Normal antibodies bind to external pathogens, but
modified immunotherapy antibodies bind to tumour antigens, identifying and
tagging cancer cells for the immune system to suppress or kill. The clinical
success of cancer immunotherapy varies greatly among various cancer types; for
instance, some subtypes of gastric cancer respond favourably to the treatment
while immunotherapy is ineffective for other subtypes.
The Global
Cancer Immunotherapy Market was valued
at US$ 93,407.0 Mn in 2021 and is forecast to reach a value of US$ 180,137.7 Mn by 2028 at a CAGR of 9.9% between 2022 and 2028
Both active and passive
immunotherapies exist. Through the immune system, active immunotherapy
specifically targets tumour cells. Examples include CAR-T cell and targeted
antibody therapies, as well as therapeutic cancer vaccines (also known as
treatment vaccines, which are intended to strengthen the body's immune system
to fight cancer). In contrast, passive cancer
immunotherapy improves the immune system's capacity to combat cancer
cells rather than directly targeting tumour cells. Checkpoint inhibitors and
cytokines are two examples.
Active cellular therapies seek to
kill cancer cells by identifying specific antigens, also known as markers, in
the patient's body. The purpose of cancer vaccines is to use a vaccine to
trigger an immune response to these antigens. There is only one vaccine
available right now, called sipuleucel-T for prostate cancer. Immune cells are
removed from the patient, genetically modified to recognise tumor-specific
antigens, and then returned to the patient in cell-mediated therapies like
CAR-T cell therapy. Natural killer (NK) cells, lymphokine-activated killer
cells, cytotoxic T cells, and dendritic cells are examples of cell types that
can be used in this manner. Finally, it is possible to create specific
antibodies that can identify cancer cells and direct the immune system to
attack them. These antibodies include rituximab, trastuzumab, and cetuximab, as
examples.
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